African American History and Women Timeline 1860-1869

[Previous] [Next] Women and African American History: 1860-1869 1860 †¢ founded in 1832 and accepting male and female, white and black students, by 1860 Oberlin College had a student population that was one-third African American 1861 †¢ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, autobiography of Harriet Jacobs, was published, including descriptions of the sexual exploitation of female slaves †¢ Laura Towne, from Pennsylvania, went to the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina to teach the former slaves -- she ran a school in the Sea Islands until 1901, adopting several African American children with her friend and teaching partner, Ellen Murray 1862 †¢ Charlotte Forten arrived in the Sea Islands to work with Laura Towne, teaching former slaves †¢ Mary Jane Patterson, graduating from Oberlin College, was the first African American woman to graduate from an American college †¢ Congress abolished slavery in Washington, DC †¢ (July 16) Ida B. Wells (Wells-Barnett) born (muckraking journalist, lecturer, activist, anti-lynching writer and activist) †¢ (July 13-17) many New York African Americans killed in draft riots †¢ (September 22) Emancipation Proclamation issued, freeing slaves within territory controlled by the Union 1863 †¢ Fanny Kemble published Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation which opposed slavery and served as anti-slavery propaganda †¢ Memoir of Old Elizabeth a Coloured Woman published: autobiography of an African Methodist Episcopal evangelist †¢ Susie King Taylor, African American army nurse with the Union army, began writing her journal, later published as In Reminiscences of My Life in Camp: Civil War Nurse †¢ Mary Church Terrell born (activist, clubwoman) 1864 †¢ Rebecca Ann Crumple graduated from the New England Medical College, becoming the first African American woman M.D. 1865 †¢ slavery ended in the United States with the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution †¢Ã‚  American Equal Rights Association  founded by  Elizabeth Cady Stanton,  Susan B. Anthony, Frederick Douglass, Lucy Stone, and others, to work for equal rights for African Americans and women -- the group split in 1868 over which group (women or African American men) should take priority †¢Ã‚  Charlotte Forten  published Life on the Sea Islands about her teaching experiences as an African American northerner who went south to teach former slaves †¢ sculptor  Edmonia Lewis  produced a bust of Robert Gould Shaw, who led black troops in the Civil War †¢ (March 9) Mary Murray Washington born (educator, founder of the Tuskegee Womans Club, wife of Booker T. Washington) †¢ (April 11)  Mary White Ovington  born (social worker, reformer, NAACP founder) †¢ (-1873) many women teachers, nurses, and physicians went to the South to help former slaves by founding schools and providing other services, as part of the Freedmens Bureau effort or as missionaries with religious or more secular organizations 1866 †¢ President Andrew Johnson vetoed funding for and extension of the Freedmens Bureau, but Congress overrode the veto †¢Ã‚  Old Elizabeth  died 1867 †¢ Rebecca Cole graduated from medical school, the second African American woman to do so. She went on to work with  Elizabeth Blackwell  in New York. †¢Ã‚  Edmonia Lewis  created sculpture Forever Free communicating the response of African Americans when they heard of the end of slavery †¢ (July 15)  Maggie Lena Walker  born (banker, executive) †¢ (December 23) Sarah Breedlove Walker (Madam C.J. Walker) born 1868 †¢Ã‚  14th Amendment  to the US Constitition granted US citizenship to African American men -- for the first time explicitly defining US citizens as male. Attitudes towards the importance of this change split the American Equal Rights Association within the year. Much later, the 14th Amendment became the basis for various  equal protection  cases advocating for womens rights. †¢ Elizabeth Keckley, dressmaker and confidante of Mary Todd Lincoln, published her autobiography,  Behind the Scenes; or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House †¢ sculptor  Edmonia Lewis  produced  Hagar in the Wilderness 1869 †¢ biography  Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People  by Sarah Bradford published; proceeds funded a home for the elderly founded by  Harriet Tubman †¢Ã‚  National Woman Suffrage Association  founded (NWSA), with  Elizabeth Cady Stanton  as first president †¢ (November) American Woman Suffrage Association founded (AWSA), with Henry Ward Beecher as first president [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1910-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

Hamlet And Ophelia s Classic Love Story - 1502 Words

Research Project Love is define as a an intense feeling of deep affection(found on Wikipedia dictionary)it is also the force that can drive any man or woman to be or do insane things, and is no doubt one of the main themes in William Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"Hamlet†. A relationship between two people can become very complex. Words can be exchanged in a state of anger, and later the person will feel some sort of regret. The theme love takes on many relationships throughout the play, but the one were focusing on is Hamlet and Ophelia’s classic love story. My reasoning for interpreting the play in this way is because love can be considered the root of every Revenge plan, and suicide. Most people want more of something, but not Hamlet. He didn’t want to feel any type of passion or love for anyone. Thus bringing us to the conclusion, was Hamlet really in love with Ophelia is the question most people don’t really know the answer to. In this classic tale I will be discus sing with you today are the reasons why I feel Hamlet was truly in love with Ophelia, and why love was the cause of all their problems. Everyone knows that love is the cause of every physical and mental pain. It is physically draining to the body and can cause mental illness for some people. Love can be considered violent. It is filled with broken promises, pain, and misery. Don’t get me wrong love can the most wonderful feeling in the world, but doesn’t last forever, so when forever ends all your left with isShow MoreRelatedThe And Human Nature s Love For Categorization1011 Words   |  5 Pagesreviewing it may be difficult to do in an overall sense. Seeing as there are endless aspects to a good work of literature, trying to review one on this general basis may be unfair to the work itself. Due to the complexity of literature, and human nature’s love for categorization, we started looking at pieces of literature through â€Å"critical lenses†. 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This movie that was playing turned out to be The Lion King, and without knowing it I would be learning the basic story amid Hamlet at about 4 or 5. For those who don’t know the Lion King follows the story of a young lion Simba on his journey toRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare2319 Words   |  10 Pages Hamlet Hamlet by Shakespeare is arguably one of the greatest plays that have been written. Hamlet was so successful that the first version to be printed was an unauthorized pirated version conceived from past performers memories. The poet and critic Samuel Taylor Coleridge in the beginning of the nineteenth century could write, Hamlet has been the darling of every country in which the literature of England has been fostered(Williamson 86). 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The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire free essay sample

A summary and critical examination of causes for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Based on the work of two eminent historians, this essay clearly defines the multiple causes for the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD. Many scholars disagree on the exact length of this historical event, but Grant believes that A.D. 365 is when the downward process began. Until that date, he writes, Rome was still seemingly invincible and immensely powerful, having put the turmoil of the third century behind it. Grant concludes that the ultimate blame for the fall rests with the Romans themselves, not with the barbarians who surrounded the Empire. He identifies internal economic, religious, institutional, ideological, and military forces that weakened Roman society. These forces, or more precisely, the conflicts between the groups representative of each force, led to thirteen defects that displayed one unifying thread: disunity. Grant places no formal weighting on individual causes; he recognizes that multiple causes provide the best explanation for historical events. We will write a custom essay sample on The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Grant, these thirteen defects tore the Romans apart and limited their capacity to meet external aggression. These flaws within Roman society finally became so irreconcilably violent that the entire foundation of Roman society was shaken. In the end, resistance to external threats was virtually impossible, and the damage proved fatal. Rome fell, not by attack from the outside, but from appalling internal splits within the Empire.

The Roots Of Affirmative Action Can Be Traced Back To The Essays

The roots of affirmative action can be traced back to the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is illegal ("Affirmative" 13). There are two instances when opposing affirmative action might seem the wrong thing to do. Even these two cases don't justify the use of affirmative action. First is the nobility of the cause to help others. Second, affirmative action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The most promanite variable in deciding affirmative action as right or wrong, is whether or not society is going to treat people as groups or individuals. Affirmative action is a question of morals. The simplicity to form two morals that are both correct but conflicting is the reason for the division of our nation on affirmative action. Affirmative action is very noble when looking at who benefits from the outcome. Take a closer look at affirmative action. The people that are involved and the damage it takes on our society surfaces many doubts. Taking a closer look also stirs up a question of nobility that needs to be answered before making a decision on affirmative action. Does affirmative action simply change who is discriminated against and makes it legal for the new discriminators? Coming from my point of view, the view of a white male, this is a serious question. One example of this came to my attention from Dave Shiflett who once worked at Rocky Mountain News wrote "Rocky Mountain Hire". In this article he tells about a new hiring strategy used at the Denver news paper Rocky Mountain News. A memo was sent out stating, "The job reviews of supervisors and others involved in hiring should address race and sex. Each review should have a hiring goal of at least half of our hires being women and at least half non-white" (Shiflett 45). Lets put this strategy to work. We have ten positions to fill, these positions can be filled following the above guidelines by hiring five black women. It can also be met by hiring five white women and five non-white men. Obviously to meet this goal successfully would mean to not hire a white male (Shiflett 45). I strongly disagree with my white fore fathers and society today who both address race and sex when hiring. Using a persons skin color in hiring is discrimination no matter how society looks at it. At St. Bonaventure University the potential for reverse discrimination became a reality. In May 1994, 22 faculty members were fired, all were male. The president of the university was very blunt about his motive, to protect the small number of women on the university staff (Magner 18). This was purely a discussion based on gender not qualification. No matter how efficient these men were some were fired for not being part of a certain minority. Gary A. Abraham, who was fired as a tenured associate professor stated, "It seems ludicrous that the university can rectify its failure to engage in affirmative action on the backs of its male faculty." Twelve of the men took their complaints to the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The commission sided with the men and are even planning to bring the university up on charges themselves (Magner 18). Giving an employer the power to discriminate only towards minorities is unfair and unethical. Now the question is who will the government protect? Society can not consider its self fair when we are still forming decisions based upon gender or race. It is not noble to protect the jobs of women at Bonaventure University simply there are not enough women on the roster. We should protect the jobs of the experienced. We can not form a new society from affirmative action and believe the rights of all United States citizens will be upheld. The whole idea behind affirmative action is to right the wrongs of the past. Well, what about the individuals that were not even born when this atrocity of discrimination was going on. Society should not punish the youth for the crimes of their white male forefathers. Thomas Sowell gave an interesting story in his article "Free Markets vs. Discrimination" about Albert Greuner. He had graduated from Pensacola Naval photography school and was refused a job he was more than qualified for. The reason Albert was denied the position was based on the conduct of the other cadets graduating from Pensacola(Sowell 69). These are the battles that need to be fought. Stop employers from

Free Essays on Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a tale of a little girl who is trying to become an adult. She comes into many situations where being able to adapt is the only way that she will get by. She starts off slow but in the end she held the strength and composure to get through it all. The central theme of Alice’s adventures is her struggle to adapt to the rules of this new and strange world that she has fallen into. This is really Alice’s struggle to adapt to the strange rules and the behavior of adults. Out of nowhere a little white rabbit walks by. He is all worried that he will be late for his scheduled appointments. Just like a working adult would be in the adult world. The story starts off with Alice following the bunny down the hole. This shows Alice is still very childish because she has no clue where the hole will lead or if she will be stuck once she gets down there. Once she gets down into the hole she sees a lot of doors and one little small one. Then she sees a key which will only fit in the tiny door. She realizes that she will not fit into the door so she thinks that she is stuck. She looks on a close by table and grabs a little drink. She shows some signs of growing up by looking for a poison sign on it but then shows that she still has some maturing to do when she drinks out of a cup that is just sitting there. After drinking the cup she starts to shrink and she finally can fit through the little door. Then she remembers that she left the key on the table and cannot reach it. This shows how foolish children can be sometimes in their means to an end. Alice then sees a piece of cake with a sign that says eat me. She waits a little while and then becomes a giant. Her change in size and her thoughts of her own identity reflect the difficulties of growing up. The changes of her size could also suggest the sudden changes of puberty and the development of a wo... Free Essays on Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Free Essays on Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a tale of a little girl who is trying to become an adult. She comes into many situations where being able to adapt is the only way that she will get by. She starts off slow but in the end she held the strength and composure to get through it all. The central theme of Alice’s adventures is her struggle to adapt to the rules of this new and strange world that she has fallen into. This is really Alice’s struggle to adapt to the strange rules and the behavior of adults. Out of nowhere a little white rabbit walks by. He is all worried that he will be late for his scheduled appointments. Just like a working adult would be in the adult world. The story starts off with Alice following the bunny down the hole. This shows Alice is still very childish because she has no clue where the hole will lead or if she will be stuck once she gets down there. Once she gets down into the hole she sees a lot of doors and one little small one. Then she sees a key which will only fit in the tiny door. She realizes that she will not fit into the door so she thinks that she is stuck. She looks on a close by table and grabs a little drink. She shows some signs of growing up by looking for a poison sign on it but then shows that she still has some maturing to do when she drinks out of a cup that is just sitting there. After drinking the cup she starts to shrink and she finally can fit through the little door. Then she remembers that she left the key on the table and cannot reach it. This shows how foolish children can be sometimes in their means to an end. Alice then sees a piece of cake with a sign that says eat me. She waits a little while and then becomes a giant. Her change in size and her thoughts of her own identity reflect the difficulties of growing up. The changes of her size could also suggest the sudden changes of puberty and the development of a wo...

Pronouncing Dour and Other OU Words

Pronouncing Dour and Other OU Words Pronouncing Dour and Other OU Words Pronouncing Dour and Other OU Words By Maeve Maddox A reader asks: How does one pronounce properly the word â€Å"dour†?   Should it rhyme with â€Å"sour† or â€Å"door† or be pronounced something like the whiskey â€Å"Dewar’s† or perhaps â€Å"doer†? Dour is an adjective that came into English from a Scottish word that in turn probably came from the word that gives us durable: durus: â€Å"hard.† A dour person presents a stern, harsh, forbidding exterior. Here are some examples of dour found on the Web and in Wuthering Heights: Never the dour child in his eyes, Eleanor [Roosevelt] was instead his â€Å"own darling little Nell.† Not only did Kierkegaard inherit his fathers melancholy, his sense of guilt and anxiety, and his pietistic emphasis on the dour aspects of Christian faith, but he also inherited his talents for philosophical argument and creative imagination. The social worker had remained silent throughout the conference, with a  dour  expression on  his  face. [Heathcliff] managed to continue work till nine o’clock, and then marched dumb and dour to his chamber. In my early (US) education, I learned to pronounce the vowel sound of dour like the oo in goose: DOOr. This is the only pronunciation given in the OED. The online pronouncing dictionary Howjsay gives a second pronunciation in which the vowel sound is pronounced like the vowel sound in out: DOWr. Merriam-Webster Unabridged (online version) shows the phonetic symbols for the OW pronunciation first, but the audio feature gives the OO pronunciation. According to Charles Elster, (The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations), a survey of American sources indicates that the OO pronunciation was the only one in US speech until the 1940s. He speculates that the OW pronunciation developed by false analogy with words like our, hour, flour, sour, scour, and devour. I hesitate to label DOWr â€Å"US pronunciation.† Many US speakers do make dour rhyme with sour, but many others pronounce dour as the English and Scots do. Regional US pronunciation varies widely (and sometimes wildly) when it comes to words spelled with ou. For example, some speakers pronounce tour to rhyme with tore and tourist to rhyme with forest. When I was growing up, the most common American pronunciation of route was ROOT. We even had a popular song about getting our kicks on Route 66 that was sung with the ROOT pronunciation. Nowadays, many (again, not all) American speakers make route rhyme with shout, losing the distinction between the noun route (â€Å"a line of travel†) and the verb rout (â€Å"to put to flight†). Here are a few more ou words grouped according to pronunciation of the vowel sound. Some readers are sure to disagree with the groupings, but here goes anyway. My authorities are the OED, M-W, and Howjsay: OW as in how: foul loud house flour hour sour OO as in you>: cougar louvre tour tourist OR as in for: court mourn O as in toe: moulder moult soul UR as in URN: journal journalist journey schwa (an indeterminate uh sound) moustache Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. FurtherRules for Capitalization in TitlesMay Have vs. Might Have

Change management of the Airbus Company Term Paper

Change management of the Airbus Company - Term Paper Example Differentiation policy of the Company, people-centered approach, a great attention to the customers’ needs and interests of shareholders are the basic principles of the change management policy development. Thesis: Airbus is a perfect example of strategic management involvement in the process of the company’s development and functioning in the modern global world. Strategic concerns are multi-faceted and focused on the customers’ interests, stakeholders’ involvement, aerospace business profitability and advancement in the international arena. Keywords: aerospace industry, strategic management, profitability and advancement. Change management of the Airbus Company Introduction Airbus and Boeing are two world’s largest developers of aircraft potential of the world. Financial crisis has caused a serious impact on Airbus and the company managed to cope with the crisis rather well. Still, it is relevant to save the amount of production and not to suffer great losses. In spite of the fact that in accordance with prognoses production rates of Airbus were unsustainable, Airbus does not lose its positive mood and makes an attempt to satisfy the needs of the customers, to meet the requirements of the suppliers and to take care of the stakeholders’ interests. ... In order to beat the competition, the Airbus Company makes an attempt to advance â€Å"modern and cheaper transportation, communication and technological development† (Airbus Official Website). Being one of the largest manufacturers of jetliners and airlifters, Airbus has essentially grown â€Å"on the basis of its mission, vision and passion of the employees† (Airbus Official Website) . With regards to the research conducted by McGuire (1997), there are certain key factors, which determine the character of the industry. The following factors may be applicable for the Airbus Company: design, a scale of production, cost reduction strategies, networks, demographics passengers and timing are essential for a potential successful evolution of the country (Airbus Official Website). With respect to Airbus it should be noted that there is a strong development of the Company: â€Å"till the end of August, 2009; Airbus has designed 13 models of aircraft and sold 9,340 units with the strong customer base around the world which makes it passenger friendly using high technology† (Airbus Official Website). Data obtained from the annual review (2005-2009) prove the fact that Airbus achieved an enormous success within the last five years in spite of challenges experienced after the world’s financial crisis (from 22,179 million in 2005 to ?27,453 million in 2008) (Airbus Official Website). There is an evident strategic advancement of Airbus in comparison with Boeing. Yearly sales of airbus increased substantially in comparison with Boeing sales for the last five years (McGuire, 1997). The following strategic steps are beneficial for Airbus advancement in the international arena: the introduction of fly-by-wire, cockpit commonality and configuration of the engines